TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are known to markedly lower VCAM-1 levels in patients with RA (9), while the humanized monoclonal antibody adalimumab significantly prevents the upregulation of VCAM-1 mRNA and protein expression after TNF-α stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (10).