On the other hand, several pro-inflammatory factors are involved in pathological processes of the diseased airway epithelium: IL33, TSLP and TGF-β1 are known regulators in common airway diseases like asthma, allergic rhinitis, COPD or cystic fibrosis (Aschner and Downey, 2016; Stewart et al., 2018; Hong et al., 2020). Here, IL33 is linked to cystic fibrosis.