TGFB1 and gastric cancer: TGFB1, a member of the TGF-β family, plays important roles in cellular growth, tumorigenesis, extracellular matrix accumulation, and tumor metastasis through autocrine and paracrine pathways in various malignant cancers, such as breast cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, and GBM [21–23].