In one study, loss of surface markers CD27 and CD28 or expression of Tim-3 and CD57 on peripheral T cells was associated with resistance to ICIs.75 Similarly, increased percentages of circulating CD8+ T cells expressing markers of senescence (CD28-/CD57+/KLRG1+) has been associated with resistance to ICI therapy and poor survival in patients with advanced NSCLC.45,80 Thus, some correlative evidence suggests that increased levels of specific circulating inflammatory and senescence markers may portend poorer response and/or resistance to ICIs. Here, CD28 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.