AGER and diabetes mellitus: As a receptor for these ligands, RAGE itself has been considered as a potential biomarker for various pathological conditions like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease (Deane et al., 2012; Logsdon et al., 2007; Nabi et al., 2019; Nasser et al., 2015; Ramasamy et al., 2005; Ray et al., 2016; Riehl et al., 2009; Tabrez et al., 2015).