AKT1 and cancer: For example, the CRNDE lncRNA transcript is activated via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Raf/MAPK pathway by insulin/IGF in colorectal carcinoma cells, resulting in altered metabolism and the induction of the Warburg effect, which describes metabolic changes by which cancer cells switch to anaerobic glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen and fully functioning mitochondria [290].