TNF and Alzheimer disease: Spermidine supplementation significantly reduced the AD-relevant pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-4 and IL-5 in 290-day-old mice (Fig. 3f), while not altering IL-1β (combined measurement of Pro-IL-1β and IL-1β), IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10 and KC/GRO (Additional file 1: Fig. S3c), revealing indeed anti-inflammatory effects of spermidine in the CNS at late stages of disease pathology.