MSTN and gestational diabetes: GDM is characterized as carbohydrate intolerance leading to hyperglycemia of varying degrees of severity and affects 3–8% of pregnant women with onset or first detection during pregnancy [169, 170].A previous study discovered decreased maternal and placental FSTL3 concentrations, as well as unchanged maternal MSTN concentrations, in women with GDM compared to normal pregnancy, implying that decreased maternal and placental FSTL3 concentrations may play an important role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus [171].