HBS1L and infection: Additionally, genes encoding the biosynthesis of PRs such as beta-glucosidase or chitinase and several ERFs (ERF3, ERF1B, WRI1) and WRKYs (WRKY61 and WRKY3) involved in the synthesis of phytohormones and secondary metabolites were strongly induced genes by Fpmd MR5, and the expression of these genes played an important role in the apple defense against pathogenic infection.