TNF and gastrointestinal disease: TNFα has been linked to the production of abdominal pain in gastrointestinal disease due to its enhanced expression in disease states such as IBS (Hughes et al., 2013) and IBD (Kamada et al., 2008), combined with data showing TNFα‐mediated visceral nociceptor sensitization and TNFR1 expression in colonic nociceptors (Hockley et al., 2019).