Moledina et al., in a prospective study of 218 patients where 15% were diagnosed with AIN, found that urinary levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-9 were higher in this group as compared with other biopsied kidney pathologies such as acute tubular necrosis, diabetic nephropathy, or glomerulopathies (34). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and diabetic kidney disease.