Moledina et al., in a prospective study of 218 patients where 15% were diagnosed with AIN, found that urinary levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-9 were higher in this group as compared with other biopsied kidney pathologies such as acute tubular necrosis, diabetic nephropathy, or glomerulopathies (34). Here, TNF is linked to glomerular disorder.