Cytokine storm (CS) refers to a series of clinical disorders caused by immune response disorders (Kim et al., 2021), such as inflammatory lung injury and ARDS (Li et al., 2020b), accompanied by the rapid production of large amounts of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) (Figure 2). Here, TNF is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.