TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In TGF-β signaling, for example, both NICD and HIF-1α can bind to the intracellular transducer of TGF-β signals (Blokzijl et al., 2003; Huang Y. et al., 2021), smad3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3), and the association of HIF-1α and smad3 has been shown to switch the functionality of TGF-β signaling to glycolysis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Huang Y. et al., 2021).