CD274 and cancer: YAP signaling can upregulate PD-L1, the ligand for the cell surface glycoprotein PD-1 that suppresses immune responses in chronic inflammation and in the tumor microenvironment (TME) (Greenwald et al., 2005; Janse van Rensburg et al., 2018), particularly in cancer cells (Lee et al., 2017; Miao et al., 2017).