INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: T1D is characterized by dysfunction and demise/loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, leading to elevated blood glucose levels; T2D is characterized by a progressive reduction in peripheral insulin sensitivity (i.e., insulin resistance), known as prediabetes, which elevates blood glucose levels and eventually disrupts β-cell function and cell viability as the disease progresses to T2D (2).