However, in galectin-3 treatment VSMCs, TXNIP expression is significantly upregulated, it seems that AMPK activation is not sufficient for TXNIP degeneration, TXNIP desensitization may attenuate efficiency of P-AMPK upregulation on TXNIP degeneration [35], besides the AMPK activation and TXNIP degeneration are also observed in trophoblasts during the development of preeclampsia and hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocytes [35, 36]. Here, TXNIP is linked to preeclampsia.