Other genes such as a DNA-binding protein TDP-43/TARDPB and C9ORF72 have also been implicated in ALS pathogenesis, suggesting that multiple aetiological pathways have the capacity to lead to the eventual ALS manifestation—profound loss of upper and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain leading to eventual paralysis75,78,79. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.