On the other hand, consistently elevated transcript levels of CCL11 and IL6 in the PG/VG+N and PG/VG+FN groups (Fig. 2E) demonstrate that nicotine can activate the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that stimulate the migration of eosinophils, which are otherwise involved in allergic reactions (Glaser et al., 2019), and induce moderate mucosal inflammation. Here, FN1 is linked to allergic disease.