TLR9 and leishmaniasis: Likewise, since host-directed immunotherapeutic interventions have been used to treat leishmaniasis (Mota et al., 2021) and are gaining special attention (Novais et al., 2021), we also confirmed that low dose of the TLR9 agonist CpG protected mice clinically and parasitologically from L(V)p CL when co-delivered with the challenge or when used as an adjuvant of total L(V)p antigen in a vaccination setting (Zimmermann et al., 1998, 2008; Raman et al., 2012).