TNF and leishmaniasis: Bioinformatics analysis showed that these upregulated DEGs were significantly related to the AGE-RAGE pathway, chemokine signaling, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, Hippo signaling, leishmaniasis, MAPK pathway, NF-kappa B signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Rap1 pathway, TNF pathway, and Th17 cell differentiation (Figure 6(b)).