TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The overexpressed RP11-86H7.1 could directly sponge miR-9-5p, enhance the expression levels of NFKB1, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and promote the inflammatory response in TRAPM2.5-treated 16HBE cells, providing further insights into lncRNA–miRNA interactions regarding new treatment strategies for airway inflammatory diseases caused by PM2.5 exposure, such as COPD (Zhao et al., 2020).