TLR4 and lung cancer: Considering that these mutated genes have regulatory relationships and affect the occurrence of LUAD through common pathways, we subsequently performed gene interaction analysis for these mutated genes and constructed a gene network for smoking-related LUAD centered on genes known to be high frequency mutated in LUAD, such as KRAS and TP53. Based on the results of the literature search, most of these smoking-related core genes (CDKN2A, EGFR, KRAS, TLR4, TP53, SPTA1, and STK11) we identified have been reported in many studies for their association with lung cancer.