Biomarkers of systemic inflammation (plasma CRP, sCD14) and intestinal inflammation (stool MPO and neopterin) are non-specific indicators of immune cell activation, which can be elevated as a result of infection and/or microbial carriage in peripheral tissues; these mediators are also associated with translocation of PAMPs into circulation as a result of intestinal damage (plasma IFABP, stool AAT) and environmental enteropathy (9). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINA1 and infection.