Although the pathological process between those α-syn depositions and neurodegeneration remains unclear, other neurodegenerative disorders also show aggregates of misfolded proteins such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau in Alzheimer disease (AD) and TDP-43 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); these misfolded protein aggregates all form amyloid fibrils, which contain highly ordered cross-β sheet structure6. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and Alzheimer disease.