The search for markers and features of the IME related to recurrence risk after primary DCIS further yielded several candidates, including FOXP3+ TILs, PD-L1+ immune cells, FoxP3/CD8 and FoxP3/CD4 ratio [14], PDL-1 expression in DCIS cells [15], CD8+HLADR− T-cells, CD8+HLADR+ T-cells, and CD115+ cells [16], CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages [17], and touching TILs (TILs touching or closely approximating the DCIS ducts’ basement membrane) [18]. Here, CD274 is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.