NFKB1 and inflammation: Herein, EMPA ameliorated the deleterious effect of such inflammatory mediators through suppressing p-p38 MAPK/p-ERK1/2/p-NF-κB p65 expression, and this coincides with earlier studies displaying the potential impact of EMPA to treat inflammatory kidney diseases as well as hepatic inflammation and fibrosis via inhibition of this axis (Das et al. 2020; Abdelhamid et al. 2021).