Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis demonstrated that high PV NPY levels are associated with an increased incidence of death (HR, 3.07 [95% CI, 1.18–7.97]; P=0.02), heart failure (HR, 6.16 [95% CI, 2.04–18.6]; P<0.001), or both (HR, 3.49 [95% CI, 1.65–7.4]; P<0.001) (Figure – Panels A, C, and E). The gene discussed is NPY; the disease is heart failure.