Adjusting for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, family history of cardiovascular disease, and previous myocardial infarction did not affect the association of high PV NPY with the combined end point (HR, 3.31 [95% CI, 1.28–8.53]; P=0.01) or heart failure (HR, 30.1 [95% CI, 3.23–280.42]; P=0.003), but PV NPY was not a significant independent risk factor for death alone following adjustment (P=0.66), as shown in Figure – Panels B, D, and F. This evidence concerns the gene NPY and heart failure.