Only PD-L1 expression in the Auslander dataset, CTLA4 in the Riaz dataset, and CD8 T-cell exhaustion markers in the Riaz datasets displayed prediction performances that were better than NetBio-based predictions when using AUC as the measure of performance, but these biomarkers (PD-L1, CTLA4, and CD8 T exhaustion markers) were inconsistent in their predictions in the other melanoma datasets (Supplementary Fig. 9d–i). Here, CD274 is linked to melanoma.