ABCD1 and adrenoleukodystrophy: Importantly, we previously observed that AMPK is downregulated in postmortem brain white matter tissue from ALD patients as well as in patient-derived fibroblasts and lymphocytes; we also showed that deletion of AMPK in glial cells from Abcd1 KO mice exacerbates their disease-related phenotype (Singh and Giri, 2014; Singh et al., 2015, 2016).