SAF from COPD subjects release increased levels of active MMP2 (4.6-fold) and total MMP9 (4.7-fold) when stimulated with IL-36γ (Figure 6, E–I), and stimulation of these cells with any of the IL-36 isoforms appears to lead to an increase in activation of MMP2 (Figure 6E). Here, MMP9 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.