Elevated concentrations of IL-36γ were found in both smoker and COPD subjects compared with nonsmokers (Figure 1A), whereas IL-36α and IL-36β were not detected (Supplemental Figure 1, A and B; supplemental material available online with this article; https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.155581DS1). Here, IL36B is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.