EPCAM and cancer: To date, isolation of various aptamers has been accomplished to specifically target substances in cancer cells, including mucin 1 (MUC1), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), programmed death-ligand 1(PDL1), and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (Hashemi et al., 2020).