AQP4 and intracerebral hemorrhage: In addition, in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage, AQP4 reduction increases neuronal apoptosis and astrocyte apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage, and the underlying mechanism may be through cytokines, especially TNF-α and IL-1β initiate the apoptotic cascade and activate caspase-3 and caspase-8 [49].