PIK3R3 and prostate cancer: PIK3R3 is involved in inflammation, cell proliferation, and tumor growth [16–18]; it induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promotes metastasis in colorectal cancer and prostate cancer cells [19, 20]. Additionally, PIK3R3 inhibits cell senescence and enhances cell proliferation via the p53/p21 signaling pathway [21]; it is highly expressed in ovarian cancer cells, and knocking down PIK3R3 induces apoptosis in such cells [22, 23].