Moreover, available gene expression data of patient-matched microdissected stroma and epithelium from normal breast, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)32 showed that PYCR1 expression was substantially higher in DCIS and further increased in IDC, both in the stroma and epithelium. The gene discussed is PYCR1; the disease is ductal breast carcinoma in situ.