Consistent with prior knowledge, both the Pi*MZ and Pi*ZZ genotypes resulted in more frequent and earlier onset COPD (βPiZZ = 2.8 ± 0.2, P-value =  \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$$2.2\times {10}^{-25}$$\end{document}2.2×10−25; βPiMZ = 0.16 ± 0.06, P-value = 0.02; Cox-Proportional Hazards regression, see the “Methods” section). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINA1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.