VEGFA and cancer: Moreover, substances such as CCL2, CCL28, CXCL8, CXCL12, Ang-2, VEGF, placental growth factor (PlGF), and adenosine secreted by cancer cells promote the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, such as M2-TAMs, MDSCs, and Treg cells (Facciabene et al. 2011; Rolny et al. 2011; Chang et al. 2016).