TGFB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Furthermore, i.p. injection of murine adipose tissue MSC-EVs in a preclinical model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis decreased colon injury and reduced TNF-α expression, while increasing Treg cells and TGF-β and IL-10 levels in the spleen and lymph nodes (Heidari et al., 2021).