The role of probiotic-derived vesicles on apoptosis rates has been recently reported in the context of colorectal cancer, where Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PC-H1 extracellular vesicles were reported to inhibit phosphorylation of 3-phosphoinisitide-dependent protein kinase (PDK1) and AKT and reduced the expression of Bcl-2 protein (36). The gene discussed is PDK1; the disease is colorectal cancer.