TNF and neoplasm: BMAds are known to secrete adipokines (e.g., adiponectin and leptin) and inflammatory factors (e.g., interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and are thought to be the energy source of tumor cells (e.g., through the release of free fatty acids), which, in turn, modulate their activities by releasing different types of molecules (e.g., cytokines and chemokines) (4, 8, 11, 19).