AKR1C3 and Gynecomastia: Previous case reports have reported a relative frequency of gynecomastia (27, 33, 34, 38, 41, 45, 46) in boys with 3βHSD2 deficiency, attributed to the conversion of the large number of androgen precursors to androstenedione and testosterone by HSD3B1, with these latter hormones being then converted to estrogens with the help of HSD17B1, HSD17B5, and CYP19A1 (41).