TNF and central nervous system cancer: An explanation for the elevated inflammatory cytokines levels in patients with glioma was presumably that the tissue destruction caused by surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy could trigger damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are combined with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on white blood cells, especially macrophages, eventually leading to expressing the nuclear factor-κβ (NF-κβ) and releasing multitudinous cytokines (29), containing IL-6 and TNF-α (30).