CCL2 and specific granule deficiency: Our previous study demonstrated that SGD significantly increased IL-10 expression in the penumbra, reduced the activation of microglia and astrocytes, as well as the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the penumbra and serum, thus confirming the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective feature of SGD after CI/RP [12].