TNF and breast cancer: Accordingly, continuous administration of d-MAPPS increased concentration of IL-27 in the microenvironment of breast cancers (Figure 2(g)) which, in accordance with increased presence of tumor-infiltrated TNF-α and IL-12-producing DCs (Figures 4(a) and 4(d)), resulted in the expansion of IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing CD4+ and CD8+ Th1 and Th17 cells in the tumors of 4T1+d-MAPPS-treated mice (Figures 5(a) and 5(b) and Figures 6(c) and 6(d)).