NFKB1 and viral infectious disease: For instance, activation of NF-kB upon a viral infection provokes long range chromatin re-wiring between the IFN-β gene locus and three distant NF-kB bound loci on separate chromosomes, which is characterized by a diminution of these inter-chromosomal contacts at the onset of transcriptional initiation and elongation, relative to its inactive state (Apostolou and Thanos, 2008).