The mechanisms may be related to electrical and structural remodeling, namely, (1) Hcy directly affects ion channels (especially potassium channels) in atrial myocytes and (2) Hcy can cause biochemical damage, affect the structure and function of cellular proteins, alter redox status, and ultimately lead to pathological changes, such as endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and changes in the property of interstitial fibers with extracellular matrix remodeling (20, 21). Here, KCNA3 is linked to endothelial dysfunction.