TNF and neoplasm: The M1 subtype, triggered by GM-CSF, TNF-α, bacterial products, and interferon-γ, secretes pro-inflammatory molecules, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, NO, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and reactive oxygen species and may provoke a Th-1 response and play an antineoplastic effect leading to tumor suppression.