CCL2 and diabetic retinopathy: Although the mechanism of 13-PHODE in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy has not been clarified so far, 13-PHODE has been found to induce inflammatory responses in animal models, which could significantly induce pro-inflammatory gene expression of TNF-α and MCP-1 in vitro, most notably in differentiated intestinal epithelial cells (Keewan et al., 2020).