TNF and Alzheimer disease: Interestingly, in patients with AD, proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1b, IL6, and TNF-α, are particularly elevated through Aβ stimulating microglia (Murphy et al., 1998; Liu and Hong, 2003; Ye et al., 2013; Wood et al., 2015; Barroeta-Espar et al., 2019) and disrupt the homeostasis of immune system in the CNS, which may cause direct result in sleep disturbance seen in patients with AD.