VCAM1 and medical procedure: Moreover, exacerbated inflammatory infiltration, enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3), abnormal production of immunological mediators (COX-2 and IL-2), and elevated generation of cytokines (IL-6, VCAM-1, and BDNF) were observed in prostatitis models.