TNF and psoriasis: Due to activation of immune-mediated mechanisms, the vascular endothelium presents a pro-inflammatory phenotype in psoriasis with upregulation of chemotactic, proatherogenic and vascular adhesion molecules, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and the IL-17 family of cytokines, interferon, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1).