S100B and Alzheimer disease: Studies showed a cognitive decline in patients with leukoaraiosis is remarkably correlated with S100B/asymmetric DMA (ADMA) levels (Gao et al., 2015), in which S100B (calcium-binding protein B) is responsible for stimulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with DMA, asymmetric DMA (ADMA), and arginine/ADMA ratio as remarkable independent predictors of the variability in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and Hachinski Ischemic Scale score, two valuable scales for the early screening of Alzheimer’s disease (Fleszar et al., 2019).